Diabetes

Diabetes is a long-term (chronic) medical condition characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Glucose is a vital source of energy for the body, but its levels must be tightly regulated to prevent complications. The hormone insulin, produced by the pancreas, plays a central role in this regulation by helping glucose enter cells where it can be used for energy or stored for future use.

When the body does not produce enough insulin, becomes resistant to its effects, or both, glucose accumulates in the blood instead of being used by the cells, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

Types of Diabetes
There are several types of diabetes, each with distinct causes and characteristics:

1. Type 1 Diabetes
   • An autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
   • Commonly diagnosed in children, teens, or young adults, but it can occur at any age.
   • People with Type 1 diabetes require lifelong insulin therapy.
2. Type 2 Diabetes
   • The most common form of diabetes, often associated with insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin.
   • The pancreas may also produce insufficient amounts of insulin over time.
   • Linked to lifestyle factors such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet, but genetic predisposition also plays a role.
3. Gestational Diabetes
   • Occurs during pregnancy when hormonal changes and weight gain cause insulin resistance.
   • Usually resolves after childbirth, but it increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
4. Other Forms of Diabetes
   • Prediabetes: A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as Type 2 diabetes.
   • MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young): A rare genetic form of diabetes.
   • Secondary Diabetes: Can occur as a result of other medical conditions or treatments, such as pancreatic disease or prolonged use of certain medications like steroids.

Symptoms of Diabetes
The symptoms of diabetes can vary but often include:

• Increased thirst and frequent urination (polydipsia and polyuria).
• Extreme hunger (polyphagia).
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Fatigue or lack of energy.
• Blurred vision.
• Slow healing of cuts or wounds.
• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet (neuropathy).

Complications of Diabetes
If left unmanaged, diabetes can lead to serious health problems, including:

• Cardiovascular disease: Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and high blood pressure.
• Kidney damage (nephropathy): Leading to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.
• Eye problems (retinopathy): Increased risk of blindness or vision loss.
• Nerve damage (neuropathy): Can cause pain, tingling, or loss of sensation in extremities.
• Foot problems: Increased risk of infections, ulcers, and amputations.